Detail Extended Abstract

COLLECTION OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE IN HAI DUONG PROVINCE AND SOME PROPOSES

MeetingVIWC2026
TopicOS3: Water Environment and Mining
AuthorDo Van Binh
OrganizationHanoi University of Mining and Geology
ID2022.1670560091

Content

  1. Introduction
Socio-economic development and rapid urbanization have contributed to improving people\'s quality of life and increasing consumption. However, that increase has resulted in the fact that more and more emissions generated, leading to people facing environmental problems (air pollution, pollution of receiving water sources, solid waste, etc.) happening every day. Domestic solid waste is a pressing issue in many villages, districts and towns in our country in general and Hai Duong in particular. Hai Duong is a province with rapid socio-economic development, GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) increases by 9.1% on average [2]. Therefore, the amount of domestic waste in recent years has also increased significantly. In 2020, the daily amount of waste collected reached 1273 tons/day, of which 754 tons/day in rural areas and 519 tons/day in urban areas. Total collection of domestic waste for the whole year is 464,645 tons. Obviously, if not properly collected and treated, this will be a major source of pollution to the landscape,  environment and it will affect the quality of life of people. Hai Duong province has implemented measures quite strongly and drastically to collect and treat domestic solid waste from provincial to local levels. As of 2019, 100% of communes, wards and towns in the province have teams to collect waste. This is a great effort of the province to protect the environment, landscape and people’s health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the collection of domestic waste in the province in the period of 2019-2020, thereby proposing solutions for collection and treatment in a reasonable and effective manner in the period of 2020-2025.
  1. Research methods: To achieve the above goals, the authors have conducted the following research methods.
  • Method of collecting documents: Collect documents related to domestic solid waste (characteristics, properties, sources of waste, current status of collection and treatment). Collect environmental reports for years, environmental reports 2016 -2020, other reports and articles related to the research field.
  • Field survey method: Conduct field surveys in some urban areas (Hai Duong city, Chi Linh) and rural areas (Kim Thanh, Ninh Giang, other districts in the province) to investigate waste sources and methods, rate and volume of domestic solid waste collection.
  • Methods of comparison, analysis and evaluation: analyze the data, compare and evaluate the current situation of collection, treatment, and forecast sources of waste matter arising in the near future (2025) to propose solutions solutions to improve work efficiency in accordance with the socio-economic conditions of Hai Duong province.
  1. Results and discussion
3.1 Source and volume of domestic solid waste in Hai Duong province The sources of domestic solid waste generated in the area include: - Family households. - Commercial and service areas (restaurants, hotels, supermarkets, markets ...) - Offices (agencies, schools, centers, research institutes, hospitals ...) - Public areas (stations, piers, bus stations, airports, parks, amusement parks, streets ...) - Public services (street sweeping, tree trimming ...) - Activities of production facilities. The total amount of domestic solid waste in Hai Duong province in 2019 was 1,227 tons/day, of which 462 tons/day in urban areas, 765 tons/day in rural areas; by 2020, reaching 1273 tons/day, of which 519 tons/day in urban areas and 754 tons/day in rural areas [2]. The state of collection in the areas is as follows - The amount of domestic solid waste generated in Hai Duong city: In Hai Duong city, the amount of garbage collected reaches 200 tons/day, equivalent to 73,000 tons/year. The collection rate in wards and communes will reach 95% by 2020. Thus, the amount of waste generated in Hai Duong city that has not been collected is still up to 3,842 tons/year or more than 320 tons/day. This volume can be a source of environmental pollution that needs to be resolved in the near future. - The amount of domestic solid waste generated in Chi Linh city: The survey results in 2019 in 14 wards and 5 communes of Chi Linh city show that the average total amount of domestic waste collected is 112.27 tons/day, of which 98.27 tons/day in wards and 14 tons/day in communes. The average collection rate reaches 88% in urban areas and 75% in rural areas, lower than Hai Duong city. - The amount of domestic solid waste generated in 10 districts includes: The amount of domestic solid waste collected at 13 towns in 10 districts is about 142.67 tons/day. With a collection rate of about 80% - 85%, the total amount of solid waste generated at 13 towns is about 170.33 tons/day. Total collection at 211 communes in 10 districts reached 562.28 tons/day. The collection rate in rural areas is 78.7– 85.62%. Thus, the total amount of waste generated in rural areas was 716.68 tons/day. The volume of waste in the whole province determined on the basis of the survey and the collection rates in urban and rural areas is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 below.

Table 1. Domestic solid waste volume in Hai Duong province (in 2019) [2]

No Administrative units Volume generated (tons/day) Ratio generated (%)
1 Hai Duong city 209.47 17.07
2 Chi Linh city 130.34 10.62
3 Kinh Mon town 125.22 10.21
4 Kim Thanh district 81.08 6.61
5 Cam Giang district 97.12 7.92
6 Binh Giang district 65.55 5.34
7 Thanh Mien district 79.94 6.52
8 Ninh Giang district 96.76 7.89
9 Gia Loc district 85.84 7.00
10 Tu Ky district 98.09 7.99
11 Thanh Ha district 83.24 6.78
12 Nam Sach district 74.34 6.06
Total 1227.00 100
  (Source: Statistics of the Environmental Protection Department and 2019 survey data) The population of Hai Duong province in 2019 is 1,896,907 people, the urban area is 549,200 people, the rural area is 1,302,707 people, the coefficient of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas is 0.84kg/person/day and in rural areas is 0.58kg/person/day [3]. Thereby, it is found that the coefficient of emission in urban areas is 144% higher than in rural areas, which is nearly 1.5 times. The results of calculation of emission coefficients and rates of domestic waste collection for the areas are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Coefficient of domestic solid waste generated in Hai Duong province [4]

Areas According to the management plan of solid waste in Hai Duong province In 2019
Coefficient generated (Kg/person/day) Rate of collection (%) Coefficient generated (Kg/person/day) Rate of collection (%)
Urban area number I 0.8 -1,3 100 0,63 -1,24 95
Urban area number III 0,9 95 0,86 88
Urban Area number V 0,8 90 0,77 80-85
Rural areas 0,4 80 0,52 - 0,68 78,7 - 85,62
 (Source: Decision No. 958/QD - People\'s Committee dated March 27, 2018 of Hai Duong People\'s Committee) According to statistics collected from annual reports of districts and cities and actual survey data in 2019, the amount of domestic solid waste generated in the period 2016 -2020 is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Amount of domestic solid waste generated in the period 2016 -2020

No Year Total amount generated (tons/year) In which,
rural areas (tons/year) urban areas (tons/year)
1 2016 328,500 217.905 110.595
2 2017 367.738 238.163 129.575
3 2018 411.355 258.420 152.935
4 2019 447.928 279.298 168.630
5 2020 464.645 275.210 189.435
 (Source: Statistics of the Environmental Protection Department and 2019 survey data) From the data we can draw the graph shown in Figure 2 below. According to Table 3 and Figure 4, we can see that in the period 2016-2020, each year the amount of domestic solid waste increases quite rapidly, approximately 60% in urban areas and 34-40% in rural areas. With that rate of increase, the investment in equipment, machinery and people to collect all the waste every year will face difficulties for the budget.  
Figure 2. Chart of domestic solid waste generated in the period 2016 -2020 [4]
3.2. Forecast of domestic solid waste generated by 2025 Forecast of domestic solid waste: According to calculations, the population of Hai Duong in 2020 is 1,917,700 people (in urban areas 617,644 people and about 1,300,036 people in rural areas), by 2025 this number will increase to 2,003,473 people (urban 864,598 people and rural 1,138,875 people). With an emission coefficient of 0.84kg/person/day in urban areas and 0.58kg/person/day in rural areas, the estimated volume of domestic solid waste will reach 506,255 tons [1], see Table 4. Table 4. Forecast of domestic waste generated in 2025 in Hai Duong
No Year Total amount of waste (tons/day) Area (tons/day) Total amount of waste (tons/year)
Rural area Urban area
1 2020 1273 754 519 464.645
2 2025 1387 661 726 506.255

3.3. Composition and properties of domestic solid waste

Composition of domestic solid waste The composition of generated solid waste is quite diverse and there is little difference between urban areas. Waste mainly consists of organic substances, inorganic substances and hazardous solid waste. The results of the survey on the current situation at landfills in the province in 2019 show that the percentage of the mass of the components in the total amount of waste is as follows: - Organic waste mainly accounted for 66.98%. - Inorganic waste accounted for 31.31%. In which, recyclable waste accounted for 26.0% in terms of volume (including paperboard of all kinds accounted for 8.01%; plastic and plastic bags accounted for 12.28%; glass and metal accounted for 4.0%). ); The composition of waste that cannot be recycled or reused includes dust, sand, gravel of all kinds, coal slag, etc., accounting for about 4.02%. - Hazardous waste components (urine batteries, paint cans, oil cans) accounted for about 1.71%. Thus, the composition of domestic solid waste in Hai Duong is basically the same as in other provinces across the country. However, the proportion of waste components varies by season and by region (see Figure 3).
         

Figure 3: Percentage of domestic solid waste components by classification [1]

Characteristics of domestic solid waste Solid waste mainly has the following characteristics: physical properties, chemical properties, and biological properties. Each property has its own characteristics and it will have a great influence on the storage and collection of domestic solid waste. * Physical properties, including: density, moisture, water holding capacity and porosity of compacted waste. The density of municipal domestic solid waste taken from garbage compactors usually ranges from 200kg/m3 to 500kg/m3. According to Hai Duong APT - Seraphin Environment Joint Stock Company, the density of domestic solid waste in Hai Duong city averages about 450 kg/m3. The moisture content of solid waste varies depending on the type of material, from a few % to nearly 70% [3]. The moisture of the garbage has the role of increasing or decreasing the decomposition process, increasing or decreasing the specific gravity and affecting the properties of the waste. * Chemical properties of solid waste The composition and chemical properties of solid waste play an important role in the selection of treatment options and recovery of material. The main components of waste include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash. Usually, elements of the halogen group are also often identified because chlorine derivatives often exist in the exhaust gas composition when burning garbage. Waste composition is the cause of its properties, often of interest are smell, bacteria and viruses. Smell can arise when solid waste is stored for a long time at collection sites, transfer stations, landfills, and in hot and humid climates, the rate of arising smell is usually higher. The formation of smell is the result of anaerobic decomposition of organic components present in municipal waste. The growth and development of insects, virus and bacteria are important issues that need to be taken care of at the place where the solid waste is stored. They are one of the indirect sources of the spread of pathogens to humans.

4. Impacts of domestic solid waste on the environment

Impacts on the air environment Degradable waste (such as food, spoiled fruit, etc.) under appropriate temperature and humidity conditions (the best temperature is 35°C and humidity is 70-80%) will be decomposed by microorganisms producing smell and many types of pollutant gases [3] that have very significant impacts on the air environment. For example, hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is an anaerobic decomposition product of sulfur-containing proteins which has smell of a rotten egg and can be measured with conventional analyzers. Decomposed fatty acids also cause a very unpleasant stench. - Impacts on the soil environment Microorganisms decompose organic matter in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, producing a wide range of intermediate products, and final products are water, CO2, CH4…. Waste which can contaminate the soil to a large extent is detergents, pesticides, expired drugs... Construction waste such as glass, plastic pipes, cables, concrete... in the soil is very difficult to decompose. Heavy metal waste such as lead, zinc, copper... accumulates in the soil and penetrates the body along the food and drinking water chain, seriously affecting health. If at unhygienic landfills of solid waste, there is no standard wastewater treatment system, chemicals and microorganisms from the waste easily penetrate, pollute the soil and gradually destroy the nutrients present in the soil. - Impacts on the aquatic environment Leachate from landfills and dumps will seep into canals, ditches, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, polluting surface water and groundwater. Organic solid waste decomposes in water, causing stench, causing eutrophication of water sources, causing degradation of aquatic organisms in surface water sources. Decomposing domestic solid waste and other pollutants change the color of the water to black, with an unpleasant smell. At solid waste landfills, leachate contains high levels of pollutants (organic matter, animal manure, leftovers...; toxic waste from fertilizer packaging, pesticides, herbicides, cosmetics). The waste settling to the bottom increases the volume of sediment, leading to anaerobic decomposition, producing toxic gases. The problem of ammonium pollution in the shallow layer (underground water) is also a consequence of leachate and of the indiscriminate discharge of open waste without strict treatment. -Impact on ecological landscape Indiscriminate domestic solid waste in the roadways, roadsides and open ditches ... will affect the urban beauty, then it will form an area that is not clean and clear, reducing the value of the landscape and expressing low civilized lifestyle.
Figure 4. Domestic waste in the impact on ecological landscape [5] At the relics and scenic spots when the festival season comes, although the management boards of the relic sites have equipped garbage containers along the aisles, due to low awareness of a part of tourists, domestic waste is still littered indiscriminately, causing loss of beauty and sanctity of the relics. -Impact on human health Domestic solid waste not only pollutes the environment but also greatly affects human health, especially for people living near the waste landfill area... Risk of adverse impacts on people\'s health through the use of surface water in canals near the landfill area containing leachate to supply water for agricultural farming activities will cause dermatological diseases or bronchitis when inhaling smoke from garbage incineration. Pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and helminths are present risks to people living near or associated with garbage. Domestic solid waste is also the cause of myelitis, hepatitis A, B, diarrhea, typhoid, typhoid fever, food poisoning, dysentery, cholera, enteritis, abscesses liver, malabsorption, breakdown disorder.
  1. Some proposed solutions to reduce environmental pollution caused by domestic solid waste
5.1 Management solutions         In order to improve the efficiency of management and minimize the impact of domestic solid waste, it is necessary to do well on the following issues: + Review, identify causes, limitations and effectiveness of implementing the planning on domestic solid waste management, assess the feasibility of the construction planning of concentrated waste treatment zones. + Develop mechanisms and policies to support people living near waste treatment zones to encourage people to support the construction of waste treatment plants and agree on land allocation + Promulgate specific guidelines on the classification at source in the localities, making the collection and classification of waste at source become one of the obligatory activities that must be performed and included in the emulation criteria of each residential area. + It is necessary to develop preferential policies for those directly involved in the collection, transportation and treatment of waste. + Promulgate specific detailed punishment sanctions suitable to local characteristics and each subject with acts of indiscriminately littering domestic waste. + Have specific mechanisms and policies to attract investors to build centralized waste treatment plants in the province with advanced and environmentally friendly technology. - Strengthen and raise public awareness about the environment. Integrate environmental protection in activities; organize contests to learn about environmental protection. + Increase staff in charge of the environment and increase costs for environmental activities.

5.2. Technical solutions

5.2.1 Classification of domestic waste at the place of generation (classification at source)

Classification of solid waste at source before collection is an important step in waste treatment. Domestic waste classified at source is divided into 5 specific categories: - Degradable organic solid waste - Solid waste can be reused and recycled - Hazardous waste (urine battery, printer ink cartridge ...) - Bulky waste (beds, cabinets, tables and chairs...) - Other solid waste: Including rubber, coal slag, rock, broken porcelain In each family, there are at least 02 garbage containers, inside with tight-fitting soft packaging. Use bin color to distinguish each type of garbage. The volume of each container is at least 10 liters/barrel.
Figure 5. Garbage containers for sorting at home [1] At offices, schools, hospitals, public areas: There are at least 03 garbage containers in each place, each container has a specific color for each type, the volume of each container has a small capacity. at least 100 l/barrel, location of putting the container: by floor or by generation area
     
Figure 6. Sample of garbage container for sorting in public areas [1]
       

5.2.2. Improve waste treatment capacity at centralized treatment plants

- For existing waste treatment plants, it is necessary to consider and increase the scale of capacity and change technology. - Choose to invest in advanced, modern and environmentally friendly treatment technology such as recycling technology, energy recovery, production of products from useful components in domestic solid waste or other environmentally friendly technologies. Not approve the projects with small capacity in the village and commune scale. + Close the landfills, which have a high risk of affecting the population in the area. + Develop a route for transporting waste at landfills that are likely to cause environmental pollution for treatment at waste treatment plants. CONCLUSION
  1. The article presented a picture of domestic solid waste collection in 2019 and 2020 in Hai Duong province. The results show that the collection of solid waste generated in Hai Duong province is quite high, reaching 95% in urban areas and approximately 80% in rural areas.
  2. The amount of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas is much higher, nearly 1.5 times higher than in rural areas. The composition and properties of solid waste between rural and urban areas are not much different and similar to domestic solid waste in other provinces.
  3. The article has forecasted that domestic solid waste generated in 2025 across Hai Duong province will be 1387 tons/day and 776 tons/day in urban areas and 661 tons/day in rural areas. The growth rate in other years is high, the rural area is 33-34% and the urban area is 60-65%.
  4. The article has proposed management and technical solutions to minimize the impact of domestic waste on the environment and people.
  REFERENCES
  1. World Bank (2020), Assessment of domestic solid waste and hazardous industrial waste management: options and actions
  2. Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Hai Duong province (2016), Project \"Collecting and treating domestic waste in rural areas in Hai Duong province in the period 2016 – 2020”
  3. Nguyen Ngoc Han (2021), Hai Duong Province with solutions to effectively deal with domestic waste, Communist magazine.
  4. People\'s Committee of Hai Duong province, (2020) Decision No. 26/2020/QD-UBND dated March 27, 2020 regulating the management of domestic solid waste in Hai Duong province.
https://www.google.com/search?q=h%C3%ACnh%20%E1%BA%A3nh%20v%E1%BB%81%20r%C3%A1c%20th%E1%BA%A3i&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CWn5_1j9ZKvW6YQMaAgrqOZDasgIGCgIIABAA&hl=vi&sa=X&ved=0CBsQuIIBahcKEwigvuKt9Yz1AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQEA&biw=1331&bih=638#imgrc=VizKAArLkIkHbM

Keywords: domestic solid waste, Hai Duong, collect, treat, propose.