Detail Extended Abstract

CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPLOITATION RESERVES OF HOT MINERAL WATER AT NKNS BOREHOLE, BAO YEN COMMUNE, THANH THUY DISTRICT, PHU THO PROVINCE

MeetingVIWC2026
TopicOS3: Water Environment and Mining
AuthorDo Van Binh
OrganizationHanoi University of Mining and Geology
ID2022.1670560388

Content

  1. Introduction
Thanh Thuy district area, Phu Tho province is blessed with hot mineral water over a wide range [3,7,8,9] Ngoc Son mineral water source is part of a large mine, distributed in Ngoc Son commune, which is being researched, invested, exploited and used. This is a source of hot mineral water with good quality and large reserve, so it needs to be researched, evaluated and exploited for social life The study of Ngoc Son mineral water source in order to clarify the distribution characteristics, quality, and reserves of mineral water serving the assessment and classification of quantity for exploitation, rational and sustainable use is important and very necessary.
  1. Research Methods
To elucidate the characteristics of quality, reserve, and reserve classification for rational exploitation, the author collective has used the following research methods
  • Method of field survey: Conduct geological and hydrogeological research survey in the area of ​​2km2
  • Drilling method: Drill 01 exploratory well combined with hot mineral water exploitation (NKNS). Studying soil and rock composition, water level monitoring, experimental water absorption, water samples in boreholes. Drilling 01 borehole for water monitoring in qh aquifer. Absorb water beam at this borehole beam (Boreholes NKNS and LKQS). Suction 3 times to lower the water level with the volume of 45 cases/3 times and suck the experimental exploitation (trial exploitation 540ca)
  • Method of water pumping tests: Conduct water pumping tests with 3 times of water drawdown, each period lasted 15 machine shifts. After the end of water pumping test in each period, measure the water level recovery. Measure immediately after stopping the pump until the water level reaches its initial state. Take water samples during water pumping tests to demonstrate the stability of the ingredients in the mineral water
  • Collecting and analyzing samples of all kinds: 86 samples with periods of water pumping tests, trial exploitation, and monitering of mineral water dynamics. Sample analysis of components to evaluate according to drinking water standards, identification of mineral water, classification of mineral water
  • Methods of synthesis and evaluation: Conduct analysis of drill core samples to study stratigraphy, assess the level of storage, water separation by stratigraphy. Evaluate mineral water distribution according to drilling documents. Design structures of mineral water exploitation wells.
  1. Results and discussion
3.1 Geographical location
  • The mineral water mine is located on a flat area belonging to the alluvial Da river. Surrounding the mine are low and gentle hills with absolute heights from 65m to 150m. To the east of the mine site is the Da River dyke running in the northwest-southeast direction with a height of about 3m above the mine site (see Figure 1). Borehole coordinates NKNS: X= 2339348; Y= 529052 [1]
Figure 1. Water borehole location mineral NKNS 3.2 Quality of mineral water according to mineral water identification standards To evaluate the quality of Ngoc Son mineral water, we sampled, analyzed and compared the ingredients in mineral water with the regulations on mineral water identification standards according to Circular 52/2014/BTNMT. Accordingly, for an underground water source to be classified as mineral water, it must contain one or more of the 12 components shown in Table 1 below Table 1. The criteria for identifying mineral water
No. Criteria Content Name
1 Total dissolved solids TDS < 50 mg/l ≥ 50 - 500 mg/l > 500 - 1500 mg/l > 1500 mg/l Very low mineralization water Low mineralized water Medium mineralized water Highly mineralized water
2 Free (dissolved) CO2 ≥ 500 mg/l Carbonic mineral water
3 Total content (H2S + HS-) ≥ 1 mg/l Sulfur mineral water
4 (H2SiO3+) Content ≥ 50 mg/l Silica mineral water
5 (Fe2+ + Fe3+) Content ≥ 10 mg/l Iron mineral water
6 (F-) Content ≥ 1,5 mg/l Fluorine mineral water
7 Asen (As-) Content ≥ 0,7 mg/l Arsenic mineral water
8 Brom (Br-) Content ≥ 5 mg/l Bromine mineral water
9 Iod (I-) Content ≥ 1 mg/l Iodine mineral water
10 Radon (Rn) Content > 1 nCi/l Radon mineral water
11 Radi (Ra) Content > 10-11 g/l Radium mineral water
12 Temperature ≥ 30oC Hot water
                                                                 (Source: Circular 52/2014/TT-BTNMT ) Comparing the analysis results of water samples at Ngoc Son mineral water borehole (NKNS) with the standards in Table 1 gives the results in Table 2 Table 2. Results of analysis and assessment of mineral water identification, borehole NKNS
TT No. Targets Unit Minimum content   Results of analysis (Min-Max) Average Assessment
1 Mineralization (for water without specific elements) mg/l < 50 ≥ 50 - 500 > 500-15000 > 1500 2630-2768 2737 Meets high mineralized water standards
2 Free (dissolved) carbon dioxide mg/l 500 134-136 135 Not meet high mineralized water standards
3 Total Hydrogen Sulfur (H2S + HS) mg/l 1 KPH Not meet high mineralized water standards
4 Axit metasilic (H2SiO3) mg/l 50 38,23-39,78 39,17 Not meet high mineralized water standards
5 Total iron (Fe2+ + Fe3+) mg/l 10 0,098-0,160 0.126 Not meet high mineralized water standards
6 Fluorid (F-) Content mg/l 2 KPH Not meet high mineralized water standards
7 Arsenic Content mg/l 0,7 KPH Not meet high mineralized water standards
8 Bromine content (Br) mg/l 5 KPH Not meet high mineralized water standards
9 Iodine content (I-) mg/l 1 KPH Not meet high mineralized water standards
10 Radon content (Rn) nCi/l 1 0,0010-0,0022 0,0015 Not meet high mineralized water standards
11 Content of Radi (Ra) g/l > 10-11 KPH Not meet high mineralized water standards
12 Temperature (for water without specific elements) oC 30 38,9-39,1 39,0 Meet high mineralized water standards
  Thus, according to Table 2, the water at the NKNS borehole has 2 specific components: mineralization (2630-2768mg/l) and temperature (38.9-39.1 oC). From the results of sample analysis, the Curlov formula was established and Ngoc Son mineral water was identified as hot, highly mineralized natural mineral water. Curlov\'s formula has the form: M2,6 pH7,0T39 3.3 Evaluation of mineral water quality according to bottled natural mineral water standards To evaluate the quality of mineral water according to the criteria of bottled mineral water for drinking, we base ourselves on the National Technical Regulations on natural mineral water and bottled water QCVN 6-1:2010/BYT issued together with the Circular No. 34/2010/TT-BYT issued on June 2, 2010, effective January 1, 2011 Based on the analysis results, when compared with the Bottled Mineral Water Standards, it shows that the quality of the water source is quite good, the analytical criteria are in accordance with the regulations, Table 3 Table 3. Results of quality assessment of mineral water according to Standard QCVN 6-1: 2010/BYT
STT No. Analysed targets Unit Limit Results of analysis (Min-Max) Average Assessment
1 Antimony (Sb) Content mg/L 0.005 KPH Meet the standard
2 Arsenic Content (As) mg/L 0.01 KPH Meet the standard
3 Bari Content (Ba) mg/L 0.7 KPH Meet the standard
4 Borat Content (B) mg/L 5 KPH Meet the standard
5 Cadmi Content (Cd) mg/L 0.003 KPH Meet the standard
6 Crom Content (Cr) mg/L 0.05 KPH Meet the standard
7 Copper Content (Cu) mg/L 1 KPH Meet the standard
8 Xyanid Content (CN) mg/L 0.07 KPH Meet the standard
9 Fluorid Content (F-) mg/L - KPH Meet the standard
10 Lead Content (Pb) mg/L 0.01 KPH Meet the standard
11 Manganium Content (Mn) mg/L 0.4 KPH Meet the standard
12 Mercury Content (Hg) mg/L 0.001 KPH Meet the standard
13 Nickel Content (Ni) mg/L 0.02 KPH Meet the standard
14 Nitrat Content (NO3- - N) mg/L 50 2,96-3,60 3,25 Meet the standard
15 Nitrit Content (NO2- -  N) mg/L 0.1 KPH Meet the standard  
16 Selen Content (Se) mg/L 0.01 KPH Meet the standard
17 Surfactant content mg/L KPH KPH Meet the standard
18   Phosphorus pesticide residues μg/L KPH KPH Meet the standard
19   Chlor pesticide residues μg/L KPH KPH Meet the standard
20 PCB Content μg/L KPH KPH Meet the standard
21 Mineral oil content mg/L KPH KPH Meet the standard
22 Polycyclic hydrocarbons μg/L KPH KPH Meet the standard
25 Streptococci Feacal CFU/250ml 0 KPH Meet the standard
26 Pseudomonas aeruginosa CFU/250ml 0 KPH Meet the standard
27 Spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobic bacteria CFU/50ml 0 KPH Meet the standard
  From the results of analysis of mineral water quality compared with Standard QCVN 6-1:2010/BYT, most of the indicators are within the allowable limits. Therefore, the quality of Ngoc Son hot mineral water is completely satisfactory for bottling purposes 3.4. Evaluation of mineral water quality according to relaxing bathing standard This assessment is based on the solute composition and temperature of the water. According to the data of exploration and dynamic monitoring, it shows that in mineral water, TDS is quite high (>1.5 g/l) and the temperature is very suitable for relaxing bathing (38-39.5oC). The results of quality assessment of mineral water according to the standard of bathing water are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Mineral water ingredients for relaxing bathing
No. Targets Unit Results of analysis (Min-Max) Average
1 TDS mg/L 2.630-2.768 2737
2 Radon (Rn) nCi/l 0,0010-0,0022 0,0015
3 Nhiệt độ Temperature oC 38,9-39,1 39,0
  Due to the warm temperature (39.5oC), high total mineralization, Ngoc Son mineral water source is a precious mineral water, suitable for bathing, soaking and restoring health. 3.5. Determination of the hydrogeological parameters of the mine Mineral water in Ngoc Son area belongs to pressurized water. Therefore, hydrogeological parameters are determined according to Theis - Jacob formula by time tracking method. Based on water pumping test data, draw a graph to show the relationship between the drawdown value S with time according to the relationships S-lgt; S-lg(t/T+t) Figure 2. Graph showing the S-lgt relationship, period 1, borehole NKNS Figure 3. Graph showing the S-lgt relationship, period 2, borehole NKNS Figure 4. Graph showing the S-lgt relationship, period 3, borehole NKNS Figure 5. Graph showing the S-lgt relationship, trial period, borehole NKNS The calculated aquifer parameters including the water conductivity coefficient (Km) and the permeability coefficient K are determined by data of water pumping test in the field and shown in Table 5 below. Table 5. Calculation results of Km parameters according to experimental data in the field [2,3,4,10]
  No Pumping periods   Equation of relationship   R2 Km (m2/ng)   K (m/ng)
1 1st water pumping y = 0,4247x + 2,1979 0.8763 242 5.69
2 2nd water pumping y = 0,5742x + 2,842 0,8941 226 5.31
3 3rd water pumping y = 0,6297x + 4,4795 0,9386 241 5.68
4 Water pumping for trial exploitation S = 0,3636 lgt + 3,0844 0,964 238 5.61
  Average     236,88 5,57
                                                                  (Note: the aquifer thickness is from 27.5m to 70m) From the results of the parameter calculation, the following comments are drawn: - The correlation between time t and water drawdown value S (or water level rise value S*) is very close. - The results of parameter calculation (Km and K) according to the water pumping test data are quite stable through water pumping tests. That shows that the results of water pumping are reliable and the use of calculation parameters and reserve evaluation ensures accuracy - The value of water conductivity selected for calculation is the average value of the water pumping test periods and trial exploitation, so Km = 236.88 m2/day 3.6. Determination of the allowable water drawdown value According to expertise in hydrogeology, mineral water is distributed under pressure, so the allowable water drawdown is calculated by the formula. Hcp = ∆H + 1/3m                                       (1) Hcp: Allowable water level when exploiting mineral water in the works ∆H: is the difference between the still water level and the roof of the aquifer, (m) m: Thickness of aquifer (m Research results have determined stratigraphy and water level documents at the NKNS borehole as follows: static water level is 4.87m; aquifer roof at borehole NKNS is 27.5 m, bottom of aquifer: 70.0m. Therefore, allowable water drawdown at NKNS borehole is: Scp= 27.5 - 4.87 + (70.0 - 27.5)/3 = 36.79m On the other hand, according to Decree 167/2018/ND-CP dated December 26, 2018 stipulating, allowable water drawdown value of exploiting water sites outside the large urban is: Scp = 30m Summarizing professional and management regulations (Decree 167/2018/ND-CP), the allowable water drawdown value at NKNS borehole will be 30m 3.6.1. Calculation of the water drawdown value according to data of the water pumping test (trial exploitation) The water drawdown value at the exploitation sites is determined according to equation of relationship between the water drawdown value (S) and the water pumping time (t). From the data of water pumping test in the fields, this relationship can be determined as S = ax +b [6,10]. Results of water pumping test (trial exploitation), the relationship between water drawdown value and time is dertermined: S = 0.3636 lgt + 3.0844. Therefore, if the site continues to be exploited with a flow rate of 8.15 l/s, after 30 years the value of water drawdown at the borehole NKNS will be determined as: S = 0.3636 * Lg (30*) 365*24*60) + 3.0844 = 5.70m Comparing the calculated value S=5.7m with the allowable water drawdown value of 30m, it is much smaller (5.7m<<30m). At the end of the exploitation period, the dynamic water level in the borehole has not yet reached the aquifer roof. Thus, exploiting reserves are guaranteed. Figure 6. Graph showing the relationship S - lg(t), water pumping for trial exploitation 3.6.2. Evaluation of exploitation reserves according to data of water pumping test with 3 times of water drawdown Data of water pumping test with 3 times of water drawdown is summarized in Table 6 below Table 6. Summary of water pumping test with 3 times of water drawdown at borehole NKNS
SHLK LHL S (m) Q (l/s) S0=S/Q lgQ lgS
NKNS 1 3,16 6,50 0,49 0,81 0,50
2 4,28 8,20 0,52 0,91 0,63
3 6,00 9,61 0,62 0,98 0,72
  Based on the results shown in Table 6, draw a graph of the relationship between the water drawdown value and the discharge. The graphs are shown in Figure 7 as follows:  
Figure 7. Graph showing the relationship between flow rate and water drawdown value according to the data of pumping with 3 times of water drawdown. The results determined by the flow curve method are summarized in Table 7. The method with the largest regression coefficient will be the most suitable equation for the NKNS borehole. Table 7. Summary of calculation results of flow curves at borehole NKNS
No. Relationship Function form Regression coefficient R2
1 Duipuit Q = 1,0719S +3,3011 0,9696
2 Altovxki Q = 11,139lgS + 1,0141 0,9928
3 Smerker LgQ = 0,6072lgS + 0,5167 0,9807
4 Keller S0 = 0,0436Q + 0,1905 0,8979
  From the above graphs, we can determine the relationship between discharge and water drawdown value according to Altovxki\'s relationship (Q = a + blgS) [3,5] Q = 11,139lgS + 1.0141                  (2) To calculate the theoretical exploitation reserve, we can take SKT = (1.75 ÷ 2) Smax [3,4,5,10], where Smax is the greatest value of water drawdown when pumping water. In order to increase the safety for exploitation, we choose the value of water drawdown at the end of the exploitation period SKT = 1.75 Smax¬¬. Thus, Skt at the boreholes is determined as: Skt = 6.0 x 1.75 = 10.5 m Substituting the values ​​into formula (2), we can determine the exploitation flow at the borehole as: NKNS is 12.39l/s or 1,070.50 m3/day. 3.6.3. Decentralization of exploitation reserves To decentralize exploitation reserves, we base on experimental exploitation flow and extrapolated flow according to established water drawdown curve equation (Equation 2 above). Accordingly, we calculate and rank mineral water reserves as follows: Grade B reserves: Equal to long-term trial (experimental exploitation) reserves [3,8,9] at the NKNS borehole with a flow rate of 8.15 l/s or 704.16 m3/day. C1-grade reserves: C1-grade reserves are determined by the difference between the calculated maximum water intake volume (QKT) minus the grade B discharge. From the above calculation results, the exploited reserves can be determined at borehole NKNS is 12.39 l/s or 1,070.50 m3/day. Therefore, the reserve of grade C1 is C1 = 1,070.42 – 704.16 = 366.34 m3/day. From there, we suggest to rank the reserves as follows: Class B: 704.16 m3/day and C1: 366.34 m3/day.
  1. Conclusion
  2. Ngoc Son mineral water is a valuable water source with good quality and abundant reserves. Research results have initially clarified the quality and exploitation reserves at the NKNS borehole. Mineral water is formed from deep sedimentary layers following tectonic faults, penetrating holes in loose rock and stored in alluvial sediments, forming pressurized mineral water fungi.
  3. Mineral water at Ngoc Son borehole (NKNS) is identified as hot, highly mineralized natural mineral water
  4. Exploiting reserves at NKNS borehole are calculated reliably and classified as follows: Grade B reserves: 704.16 m3/day; Reserve level C1: 366.34 m3/day
  5. References
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  8. Union of Science and Production Geology-Mineral Water (2001), Report on exploration results of Thanh Thuy mineral water, Phu Tho. Geological Archives, Hanoi.
  9. Bui Dinh Hoi, Tran Quang Ngoc (1994), Geological Report on the results of research and evaluation of Tam Thanh - Vinh Phu mineral water, Geological Archive, Hanoi.
  10. Dang Huu On (2006), Types of hydro-intrusive mineral water deposits and methods of determining their natural dynamic reserves according to water pumping test data. Scientific Journal of Mining and Geology No. 14, 4/2006, Hanoi.
  11. Dang Huu On (2005), Arguments, geotechnical calculations to determine the boundaries of mineral water mines and division of sanitary protection zones of mineral water exploitation works, Office of the National Mineral Reserve Assessment Council Gia, Hanoi.
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  15. Dang Huu On (2003). Evaluation of underground water reserves, Vietnam Geomorphological Association, Hanoi

Keywords: Ngoc Son, hot mineral water, reserve exploitation